Aplicación de la metodología de las fuerzas motrices y el modelo OMS de determinantes sociales de la salud tomando como ejemplo la criptosporidiosis en Colombia / Application of the driving forces methodology and the WHO model of social determinants of health taking cryptosporidiosis in Colombia as an example / Aplicação da metodologia forças motrizes e do modelo de determinantes sociais da saúde da OMS, tomando a criptosporidiose como exemplo na Colômbia

RESUMEN Objetivos Analizar la relación que existe entre la contaminación de agua por ooquistes de Cryptosporidium spp. y los efectos en la salud de las poblaciones humanas y animales en Colombia. Métodos Es un ensayo de tipo analítico que se centró en la aplicación documentada y analizada, de la metodología de las "Fuerzas Motrices" y el modelo OMS de Determinantes Sociales de la Salud tomando como ejemplo la Criptosporidiosis. Resultados Las "fuerzas motrices" involucradas en la relación entre contaminación de agua por Cryptosporidium spp. y la salud de humanos y animales fueron el aumento en la demanda de productos pecuarios y la producción pecuaria de baja calidad; la "presión" consistió en la mala implementación de prácticas de producción, la invasión de zonas protegidas y de reservas ecológicas, y la disminución de fronteras entre lo rural y lo urbano; el "estado" se basó en la contaminación del suelo y las fuentes de agua, y en la deficiencia en el manejo de las excretas; la "exposición" radicó en la entrada de ooquistes vía fecal-oral, por la contaminación del suelo y el agua, y el "efecto" consistió en una diarrea autolimitante, una deshidratación severa, el síndrome de mala absorción y la muerte. Conclusiones Los ecosistemas pueden mantener poblaciones saludables, pero cuando son mal administrados o rápidamente alterados debido a la presión humana, también pueden estar asociados con la aparición de enfermedades, como la Criptosporidiosis.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the relationship between water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and its effects on the health of human and animal populations in Colombia. Materials and Methods Analytical essay focused on the documented and analytical application of the Driving Forces Methodology and the WHO model of Social Determinants of Health using cryptosporidiosis as an example. Results The driving forces involved in the relationship between water contaminated with Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and human and animal health were increased demand for livestock products and low-quality livestock production. Regarding pressure, it was related to the poor implementation of production practices, the invasion of protected areas and ecological reserves, and the reduction of rural-urban borders. On the other hand, status was associated with contamination of soil and water sources, as well as the deficient management of excreta. Finally, exposure was determined by the entry of oocysts via the fecal-oral route through contaminated soil and water, and effect consisted of self-limiting diarrhea, severe dehydration, malabsorption syndrome, and death. Conclusions Ecosystems can maintain healthy populations, but when they are mismanaged or rapidly altered by human pressure, they can also be associated with the emergence of diseases such as Cryptosporidiosis.(AU)

OBJETIVOS Analisar a relação entre contaminação da água por Oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e os efeitos sobre a saúde das populações humanas e animais na Colômbia. MÉTODOS Trata-se de um estudo de tipo analítico que se concentrou na aplicação documentada e analisada da metodologia "Forças de Condução" e do modelo da OMS de Determinantes Sociais da Saúde, tomando a criptosporidiose como exemplo. RESULTADOS As "forças motrizes" envolvidas na relação entre contaminação da água por Cryptosporidium spp. e saúde humana e animal foram o aumento da demanda por produtos animais e a produção animal de baixa qualidade; a "pressão" consistia na má implementação das práticas de produção, na invasão de áreas protegidas e reservas ecológicas e na redução das fronteiras entre as áreas rurais e urbanas; o "estado" se baseava na contaminação do solo e nas fontes de água e na deficiência no manejo dos excrementos; a "exposição" foi devido à entrada de oocistos pela via fecal-oral, devido à contaminação do solo e da água, e o "efeito" consistiu em diarréia autolimitada, desidratação grave, síndrome de má absorção e morte. CONCLUSÕES Os ecossistemas podem manter populações saudáveis, mas quando são mal gerenciados ou rapidamente alterados devido à pressão humana, também podem ser associados ao aparecimento de doenças, como a criptosporidiose.(AU)

[Cryptosporidiosis and "One Health"]. / Criptosporidiosis y «Una Salud¼.

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease (zoonotic) caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium, which infects the intestine. It occurs in humans and in different pets, farm and wild animals. Its role is underestimated and little is known about its epidemiology, due to the low interest it draws and the limited availability of diagnostic methods. The population health, both human and animal, is related to a close interaction of three factors: the environment, pathogens, and population, which determines the state of health and disease; some of the diseases considered as emerging, that appeared in the last years. The approach, known as "One Health", is a growing global strategy being adopted by a diversity of organizations and policy makers in response to the need for integrated approaches. This approach may be relevant to a wide range of global development goals. There is more and more talk about holistic health. It seems that we are more aware that health is not reduced to something purely biological, but affects the whole person. It is not only seeing the patient globally, it is starting from the complexity of the human being and the whole world crossed by vulnerability and interacting with the totality of the subjects.

Criptosporidiosis es una enfermedad diarreica (zoonótica) causada por el parásito Cryptosporidium, el cual infecta al intestino. Se producen tanto en el ser humano como en diferentes animales de granja, mascotas y animales silvestres. Se subestima su papel y poco se conoce sobre su epidemiología, debido al escaso interés que suscita y la limitada disponibilidad de métodos de diagnóstico. La salud de las poblaciones tanto humana como animal, están relacionadas con una estrecha interacción de tres factores: el ambiente, los agentes patógenos, y las poblaciones, lo cual determina el estado de salud y enfermedad. El enfoque, conocido como «Una Salud¼, es una estrategia global en crecimiento que se está adoptando por una diversidad de organizaciones y responsables de las políticas en respuesta a la necesidad de enfoques integrados. Este enfoque puede ser relevante para una amplia gama de objetivos mundiales de desarrollo. Cada vez se habla más de salud integral, de salud holística. Parece que somos más conscientes de que la salud no se reduce a algo puramente biológico, sino que afecta a toda la persona. No es sólo ver al enfermo globalmente, es partir de la complejidad del ser humano y del mundo entero atravesado por la vulnerabilidad e interaccionar con la totalidad de los sujetos.

Criptosporidiosis y una salud / Cryptosporidiosis and one health

RESUMEN Criptosporidiosis es una enfermedad diarreica (zoonótica) causada por el parásito Cryptosporidium, el cual infecta al intestino. Se producen tanto en el ser humano como en diferentes animales de granja, mascotas y animales silvestres. Se subestima su papel y poco se conoce sobre su epidemiología, debido al escaso interés que suscita y la limitada disponibilidad de métodos de diagnóstico. La salud de las poblaciones tanto humana como animal, están relacionadas con una estrecha interacción de tres factores: el ambiente, los agentes patógenos, y las poblaciones, lo cual determina el estado de salud y enfermedad. El enfoque, conocido como «Una Salud¼, es una estrategia global en crecimiento que se está adoptando por una diversidad de organizaciones y responsables de las políticas en respuesta a la necesidad de enfoques integrados. Este enfoque puede ser relevante para una amplia gama de objetivos mundiales de desarrollo. Cada vez se habla más de salud integral, de salud holística. Parece que somos más conscientes de que la salud no se reduce a algo puramente biológico, sino que afecta a toda la persona. No es sólo ver al enfermo globalmente, es partir de la complejidad del ser humano y del mundo entero atravesado por la vulnerabilidad e interaccionar con la totalidad de los sujetos.(AU)

ABSTRACT Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease (zoonotic) caused by the parasite Cryptosporidium, which infects the intestine. It occurs in humans and in different pets, farm and wild animals. Its role is underestimated and little is known about its epidemiology, due to the low interest it draws and the limited availability of diagnostic methods. The population health, both human and animal, is related to a close interaction of three factors: the environment, pathogens, and population, which determines the state of health and disease; some of the diseases considered as emerging, that appeared in the last years. The approach, known as "One Health", is a growing global strategy being adopted by a diversity of organizations and policy makers in response to the need for integrated approaches. This approach may be relevant to a wide range of global development goals. There is more and more talk about holistic health. It seems that we are more aware that health is not reduced to something purely biological, but affects the whole person. It is not only seeing the patient globally, it is starting from the complexity of the human being and the whole world crossed by vulnerability and interacting with the totality of the subjects.(AU)

[Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence and risk factors in dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna]. / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en terneros de ganado lechero de la zona noroccidental de la Sabana de Bogotá

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to establishing Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence in 0 to 2 months old dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna. In addition, associated factors related to a failure in Good Practices of Livestock could incur in human and animal infection. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study; calves' fecal samples were used. Farms' Good Practices of Livestock were observed by means of an observation blank. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determinate by means of laboratory results (Ritchie for Giardia spp. and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium spp.). Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated in association between this two genera of protozoa and Good Practices of Livestock. RESULTS: Thirty three dairy farms were evaluated, where fecal samples of 308 calves were taken. Giardia spp. prevalence was 37.7 %, 115 infected animals; Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 4.9 %, 15 infected animals. CONCLUSION: There is an important Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium foci in the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna, without a previous knowledge. Giardia spp. prevalence for this zone is in the highest rank reported for South-America and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence is in en the lowest one. Associated risk factors of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy farms of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna depend of a Good Practices of Livestock performance.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en terneros de ganado lechero de la zona noroccidental de la Sabana de Bogotá / Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence and risk factors in dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna

Objetivo Estimar la prevalencia de Cryptosporidium spp. y Giardia spp. en terneros de 0 a 2 meses de ganado lechero de la zona noroccidental de la Sabana de Bogotá. Se estimaron los factores de riesgo de la producción lechera que puedan incurrir en la infección de personas y animales. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, mediante la toma de materia fecal de terneros. Se determinó la prevalencia de punto para Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. a través los resultados de los coprológicos (Ritchie para Giardia spp. y Ziehl-Neelsen modificada para Cryptosporidium spp.). Se calcularon Odds Ratio para establecer los factores de riesgo asociados entre estos dos géneros de protozoarios y el manejo de las Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas. Resultados Se evaluaron 33 fincas dedicadas a la producción lechera, donde se muestrearon 308 terneros. La prevalencia para Giardia spp. fue de 37,3 %, 115 animales positivos y para Cryptosporidium spp. fue de 4,9 % 15, animales positivos. Conclusión Existe un foco de Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en el noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, del cual no se tenía conocimiento previo. La prevalencia de Giardia spp. para la región estudiada, está en el límite alto del rango reportado para Sudamérica. En el caso de Cryptosporidium spp. la situación es distinta, la prevalencia se encuentra en el limite bajo del rango reportado para Sudamérica. Los factores de riesgo asociados a Giardia spp. y Cryptosporidium spp. en las explotaciones lecheras del noroccidente de la Sabana de Bogotá, dependen de Buenas Prácticas Ganaderas.

Objective The present study was aimed to establishing Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. prevalence in 0 to 2 months old dairy calves of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna. In addition, associated factors related to a failure in Good Practices of Livestock could incur in human and animal infection. Methods This was a cross-sectional study; calves' fecal samples were used. Farms' Good Practices of Livestock were observed by means of an observation blank. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determinate by means of laboratory results (Ritchie for Giardia spp. and modified Ziehl-Neelsen for Cryptosporidium spp.). Odds Ratios (OR) were calculated in association between this two genera of protozoa and Good Practices of Livestock. Results Thirty three dairy farms were evaluated, where fecal samples of 308 calves were taken. Giardia spp. prevalence was 37.7 %, 115 infected animals; Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was 4.9 %, 15 infected animals. Conclusion There is an important Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium foci in the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna, without a previous knowledge. Giardia spp. prevalence for this zone is in the highest rank reported for South-America and Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence is in en the lowest one. Associated risk factors of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy farms of the north-western zone of the Bogota Savanna depend of a Good Practices of Livestock performance.